Slavery And Its Impact On The United States Essay

Over the past 35 years a great change has occurred in the study of slavery and its impact on the settling of the â€Å"New World.† From a footnote in American history of little consequence until the cotton fields of the antebellum South, it has evolved into a study that now sees the institution as the most significant element in the colonization and exploitation of this hemisphere by Europeans. It also acknowledges the participation of Africans and the Amerindians in this process and furthermore sees it as essential to its occurrence. The added significance of the Atlantic system has created a more compelling picture and thrust slavery to the forefront of the story form the beginning of this historical era, in fact from before the moment Columbus encountered the Arawaks on Hispaniola. To understand the history of the settling of European America is to understand the role slavery played in the economic and political success of the one third of the migrants that arrived by c hoice at the expense of the two thirds that arrived in chains. The discussion of modern historians now centers on when and where did the transformation take place that brought ten to twelve million Africans to the Americas in bondage, how did the social structure change with their arrival, what effect did they have on the greater culture and in what ways were they able to create/maintain their own Creole-African culture. Though the authors seemed to be split on ethnocentrism/racism being the primary causeShow MoreRelatedSlavery And Its Impact On The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery dates back to as early as 1760 BC. It is defined as the condition of a slave; in bondage. A slave is a person who is the property of and wholly subject to another; a bond servant. It fiendishly raised its repugnant head amongst many cultures and nations around the world. Many people viewed slavery as immoral and some viewed it as a necessary evil. However evil, it may have been, it did hav e a tremendous impact on shaping the United States, particularly the South. From the period of 1800 toRead MoreSlavery And The United States1507 Words   |  7 PagesOver the centuries, slavery held a prominent factor in United States history. Slavery shaped and formed what society was in the United States. Slavery’s influence impacted the United States in various ways. The ways that slavery impacted United States history are the United States economy, society and politics. Some historians argue slavery is not an important factor in United States history. However, they are wrong because slavery brought many different political movements and the Underground RailroadRead MoreThe Secession Crisis Of 1860-18611637 Words   |  7 Pagesand 1861, many events had impacts on the United States that lead up to the secession crisis of 1860-1861. Slavery had great impacts on the country, such as the economic effect of the South overestimating its importance due to the prevalence of sla ve grown cotton. Westward expansion had the social effect of the citizens of territories wanting statehood to get into arguments and civil wars due to popular sovereignty. States rights had the political effect of the southern states believing that since theyRead MoreThe Haitian Revolution And The American Revolution1365 Words   |  6 Pagesa lasting impact on the world. However, since slavery was an integral part to what had transpired in the Atlantic world, it would lead to some revolutions having a greater impact than others. Therefore, this essay will assess both the Haitian Revolution and the American Revolution, and argue that the Haitian Revolution was able to have a greater impact on the Atlantic world because of the nature of the revolt. The Haitian Revolution would occur in 1791, and would have a lasting impact. It was theRead MoreCivil War Vs. The Right And The Left793 Words   |  4 Pagesfounding a new country. In the United States, human rights is the foundation for building this country. â€Å"I hold that in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual.† Read from the Abraham Lincoln First Inaugural Address. President Lincoln have put every effort to make The United States united together. At the time he had the First Inaugural Address on 1861, there were seven states announced separate from the United States. In his document, Lincoln hadRead MoreMass Incarceration Is Defined As The Substantial Increase1072 Words   |  5 Pagesimprisonment. Lockeian ideology provides insight into how our criminal justice system has come to operate in this way. In John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government, Locke outlines two different types of slavery: justified and unjustified. His definition of justified slavery, which is critical to this paper, states that if a lawful conqueror is defending his or herself against an aggressor and wins, he or she has a right to enslave that person (Locke 10). According to Locke, justified enslavement warrantsRead MoreSlavery And The American Civil War1125 Words   |  5 PagesSanjani Prodduturu Slavery and Civil War Throughout history, it has been commonly misconceived that slavery and the abolishment of slavery has been the sole cause of the American Civil War. Whereas the institution of slavery has been a major cause of the war, the differences in ideologies and beliefs between the North and the South also play a role in the origins of the Civil War. The origins of the Civil War can also be attributed to the political, economical, social, and cultural differences betweenRead MoreThe Abolition Of Slavery Throughout The United States And Haiti1073 Words   |  5 PagesAFRI 312 September 28, 2015 The Abolishment of Slavery in the United States and Haiti. When you think of the abolishment of slavery, what is the first place you think of? Was it the United States? Maybe even Africa? Although these two regions are well discussed in the history of slavery there are for more areas that were involved. For the purpose of this paper, the two regions that have been chosen are the United States and Haiti. The United States was colonized by a mix of different races. TheRead MoreAfrican American And The American Revolution1277 Words   |  6 Pagesmemorable eras in United States history. Colonist were under the rule of the British which eventually created a problem for them. They came to the realization that being under Great Britain was preventing them from exercising their rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, and in 1776 they wrote their break up letter to Great Britain, The Deceleration of Independence. In the year 1776 the American Revolution had been born and history had hit another turning point. The impact of the Americ anRead MoreAmerican Civil War Research Paper1118 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Civil War killing nearly 620,000 soldiers and a mass amount of civilians. The War Between the States was fought between Southern slave states and the United States federal government. Southern states formed a group called the Confederacy, which went against the beliefs of the Union. Jefferson Davis of the Confederate States of America and Abraham Lincoln sought different views on slavery. Lincoln believed that all slaves should be emancipated and advocated the restoration of the Union.

Persuasive Essay On Gun Control - 1190 Words

HANDS UP!: An Essay in Favor of Gun Control in America Andrew A. McKay Victor Valley College Abstract Gun ownership is embedded in the fabric of America. The United States has the highest gun ownership rate in the world with 88 guns per 100 people. This is a staggering amount of firearms in the U.S. which our forefathers would ve never imagined when writing the 2nd Amendment. The 2nd Amendment states that â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† Not everyone interprets this right the same way. Regulating and restricting the use of these firearms brings up opposing sentiments from those in favor of gun control and those who oppose†¦show more content†¦America needs to institute, and initiate gun control laws throughout the entire nation. But not everybody who inhabits the United States believes in regulating arms. Those who are against establishing gun laws argue that gun control directly infringes upon their â€Å"right to bear arms† granted to them b y the 2nd Amendment. Anti gun control supporters, such as the National Rifle Association, often claim that the act of regulating guns is a sufficient reason why such an Amendment was introduced in the constitution; to protect themselves from any and all forms of violation of civil liberties and freedom. Supporters of anti gun laws are unwilling to welcome any interpretations of the 2nd Amendment that do not match up â€Å"word for word,† as was written in the Bill of Rights. Although the 2nd Amendment only contains one sentence, the interpretation of it can be misconstrued if the use of critical thought is not applied during the analysis. Supporters of gun control argue that the ambiguous language in the 2nd Amendment leads to confusion about the interpretation. That in itself warrants further discussion about rewriting the 2nd Amendment or simply eradicating it. Also, the provision is outdated and no longer coincides with the times. In regards to the addition of â€Å"w ell regulated militia,† guns were meant to protect people from tyranny and any form of militarized government suppression. With that said, firearms should alternatively be restricted from other uses withShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay : Gun Control798 Words   |  4 PagesPersuasive Essay Did you know that in the United States almost 100,000 people are shot or killed with a gun in one year? 10,527 people die a year in handgun related incidents in the United States. This number, by far, outweighs the number of gun related deaths in countries such as Sweden, Great Britain, and Japan, which number 13, 22, and 87, respectively. What is the reason for such drastic differences in numbers? Sweden, Great Britain, and Japan are all countries that have stricter gun controlRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1753 Words   |  8 PagesPersuasive Essay Rough Draft The United States of America has a problem that is growing worse every day. American laws are not protecting its citizens from injury or death. You may think the mass shootings in America the guns used were bought illegally, but â€Å"since 1982, there have been at least 62 mass shooter carried out with firearms across the country, with the killings unfolding in 30 states from Massachusetts to Hawaii. Of the 139 guns possessed by the killers, more than three quarters wereRead More Persuasive Articles on Gun Control Essays607 Words   |  3 PagesPersuasive Articles on Gun Control Persuading an audience can be done in several different fashions, one of which is Hugh Rank’s Model of Persuasion. Rank’s model states that two major strategies are used to achieve the particular goal of persuasion. These strategies are nicely set into two main schemas; the first method is to exaggerate an aspect of something, known as â€Å"intensify.† While the second is to discredit it, which is referred to as â€Å"downplay.† Al Franken, Jeffrey SnyderRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1018 Words   |  5 PagesImagine, an America where no citizen, law abiding or not, has the legal ability to own guns. Three gunmen with fully automatic rifles walk into a crowded city and begin firing. No law abiding citizen can defend themselves. It’s hopeless. This future can only be prevented if Americans continue to keep the second amendment. We should keep the current gun control laws, but revise them to make them even better. Most gun own ers are responsible under the current laws, however, I think some laws need to beRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1245 Words   |  5 Pagesand time again. Due to recent tragedies involving firearms, the view of guns and peoples rights to own and operate firearms have been frowned upon and viewed in a bad light due to Media. News sources have cherrypicked pictures of tragedies and stories about bad instances of gun usage in order to fight for Gun Control and the suppression of Americans rights. Due to the recent Vegas shooting, the argument for Gun Control has never been more intense, and Media outlets are having a field day onRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control915 Words   |  4 PagesHistorically guns haven’t been a national issue. It is not until relatively recently that an overwhelming amount of people have been in favor of placing stricter laws on the owning of a fire arm. The call for gun control has become more prevalent in the eyes of the government and the people; the gun laws that are also often proposed are irrational and ineffective. One could not simply ban guns, it is comparable to banning a certain genre of music; it’s unachievable and would be a fruitless pursuitRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1745 Words   |  7 Pagescruelty to animals, and yet he was able to buy four guns legally (Rosenberg). That is the most recent example of why Americans need more gun control laws. Guns are not cool or makes you look good, they are a da ngerous piece of machinery that Americans take advantage of. The average American in the right mindset should not want to own anything more than one handgun or rifle for hunting or protecting their household. Gun control reform that limits gun ownership, enforces mandatory background checks, andRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1439 Words   |  6 Pagesreason why Americans own so many guns is because of the Second Amendment, which states, â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† (Rauch) This amendment guarantees U.S. citizens the right to have firearms. Since this amendment is relatively vague, it is up for interpretation, and is often used by gun advocates to argue for lenient gun laws. Hence, gun control is a frequently discussed controversialRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1634 Words   |  7 PagesOver the recents years, there have been many arg uments about the issue of gun control at the state and national level. In California, there have been a variety of enacted laws within recent years to address the issue of growing gun violence around the country and ways to prevent terrorist attacks. California s new enacted laws about gun control in the state range from abolishing certain features on weapons to restricting certain handguns or other firearms a person might buy. The legislative branchRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1569 Words   |  7 Pagesstocks, which allowed the guns to fire hundreds of rounds per minute (Goldman). From this unspeakable atrocity, an abundant perspicuity is created, portraying that gun control laws are unable to prevent many violent actions, including mass shootings and other horrific events. Even a drastic increase in gun laws cannot prevent men that have irreproachable records from acting recklessly, or predict when an event such as this will happen. The thousands of homicides generated by guns per year are an especially

Profile of a killer Essay Example For Students

Profile of a killer Essay During the last decade the world has witnessed a staggering elevation in serial killings. To give some insight into the scale of the problem posed by the serial killer, in the United States can be gained from examining the statistics for just one year. In 1989 (the last year for which detailed figures are available) there were 21,500 recorded homicides, of which some 5,000 are unsolved. Unofficial sources believe that as many as a hundred serial killers may be at large at any given time. Add to this the number of known victims of serial killers, then between 3,500 and 5,000 people are killed by serial murderers every year. (Lane and Gregg 3) These numerous multiple murders, often without consequence and justice, have shocked civilized society with incomprehensible acts of inhumanity. Horrific amounts of body counts and volumes of spilt blood accompany the discovery of each new serial killer. The indescribable events associated with each murder leave such unanswered questions as: what deviations lurk in the mind of a serial killer, what provokes an individual to commit such hideous acts, and what can be done to reduce these inconceivable murders? There are a set of variable elements, which distinguish the serial murder from the single-incident (normal) murder, the mass murder, and the spree murder. The mass murder can be defined as an act in which a single assailant kills a number of people during a short period of time in roughly the same geographical location. The spree murder can be defined as a multiple number of killings, which take place during a short period of time, hours or days. The serial murder exhibits five distinct sets of characteristics, which help distinguish it from the mass murder and spree murder. First, the killings are repetitive (serial) and often escalate over a period of time, sometimes years, which will continue until the killer is taken into custody, dies, or himself is killed. Second, the killings, like normal homicides, tend to be on e-on-one. Third, there is no, or very little, connection between the perpetrator and the victim. Fourth, although there may be a pattern, or victim trait, individual murders within a series rarely display a clearly defined or rational motive. Fifth, there is usually a high degree of redundant violence, or overkill, where the victim is subjected to an excessive level of brutality. Characteristics of a serial killer are imperative in demarcating the type of person capable of committing a serial murder. Most known serial killers are 25-35 years old (Falk 85). It is also significant that the victims of serial murderers are not concentrated in any age range (Falk 85). Serial killings are almost always committed by white males instead of blacks because class resentment is far more likely to occur to a person with a good education than someone without an appreciation of how society works (Falk 85). To truly understand the phenomenon of serial murder one must know what motivates a person to commit such a horrendous crime. Patterns of serial killing fall broadly into two categories of motivation: Extrinsic, where the impulse to kill is located outside the killers psyche-that is, he perceives a rational reason for murder in outside situations and events (Fox and Levin 12). More frequently the motivation is intrinsic to the psyche of the killer, whether or not that motivation is apparent to an independent observer (Fox and Levin 12). Closer psychological analysis of known cases indicates that serial murders fit into one of four main types according to the predominate homicidal motivation: Visionaries, Missionaries, Hedonists, and Power Seekers. Visionaries include killers who act in response to voices and alter egos, where instructions received serve to justify and legitimize the act of murder. David Berkowitz better known as the Son Of Sam is an example of a visionary who claimed that his delusional persecutions by demons were responsible for the shootings and killings of his 17 victims. I am the demon from the bottomless pit here on earth to create havoc and terror. I am War, I am death. I am destruction (Elliot and Leyton 151)! Missionaries are comprised of killers with a self-imposed nature, which feel responsible for purifying society by expelling its undesirable components. Peter Sutcliffe better known as the Yorkshire Ripper justified his slaying of 20 women with a warped perception that any woman out after dark must be a prostitute and should be eliminated in order to clean-up the world. A hedonist, a complex category where pleasure is the reward for murder, contains three sub-types. The first sub-type, lust killers, is probably the largest sub-section of serial killers for whom sexual gratification is the primary motivation and whose crimes most frequently exhibit a considerable element of sadism. Two examples of lust killers are Jerry Brudos and Douglas Clark. Jerry Brudos kept the foot of one of his victims in the deep-freeze to periodic ally take out and dress up with his collection of black stiletto-heeled womens shoes. Douglas Clark kept a victims head, which he cleaned and made-up with cosmetics in order to use it in sex acts. The second sub-type, thrill killers, achieve pleasure in the act of killing, although sexual abuse may take place, the motivation is not sexual gratification but the desire for an experience or a thrill. The third sub-type, gain killers, exhibit the comparatively rare motive among serial killers of personal, usually financial, acquisitions. Two examples John George Haigh, the Acid Bath Killer, and George Joseph Smith of Brides in the Bath both saw murder as a profitable business. Power Seekers desire to have control over the life and death of others to such a degree that it serves as an intrinsic motive to murder. A good example of a power seeker is Jeffrey Dahmer, who practiced cannibalism to have the ultimate control over his victims by bringing them alive in him. My consuming lust was t o experience their bodies. I viewed them as objects, as strangers Its hard for me to believe that a human being could have done what Ive done (Lane and Gregg 129). America has a pantheon of ghouls, where the bloodiest of villainies earns an insurance of immortality (Toufexis 64). The effects of serial murders are a devastating reality of life, yet are often unemotionally glamorized. These killers are incorporated into heroes and celebrated members of society for reaching the pinnacle of success in their fields. Recently, though, we have extended our celebration to what some consider our new antiheroes, those who have distinguished themselves in the worst possible ways (Fox and Levin 6). Such movies as Silence of the Lambs, Seven, and Copycat seem to fascinate the public instead of repulse and horrify it. Even children are subjected to these unethical murders through television, movies, magazines, and other media which display these killers as idols. Serial killer trading cards, whic h highlight such infamous criminals as Jeffrey Dahmer and Charles Manson, have been published and sell for ten dollars a pack. Comic books are read and T-shirts are worn with an insensitive sense of pride, which mock and trivialize the memory of each slain victim. The glorification of mass murderers has created a market for almost anything that they say or do (Fox and Levin 8). There have been two successful contributions, which assist investigators in the apprehension of serial killers. The first contribution was the formation of the National Academy of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in Quantico, Virginia. The profiling team distinguishes between organized and disorganized killers based on general personality traits and are separated by clusters of personal and social characteristics. According to the FBI analysis, the personality of the killer is reflected in his behavior at the crime scene. The task of profiling involves drawing inferences from the crime scene to the behavio ral characteristics of the killer. Psychological profiles are designed as an investigative tool to identify a range of suspects, rather than to point precisely to a particular suspect, however, the profiles are not completely successful. The second apprehension device is the Violent Criminal Apprehension Program, VICAP, This program is a centralized data information center and crime analysis system (Levin 183). Once operational it is planned that any police agency, having an unsolved murder, will submit to the FBI Academy a thorough description of the case using a twenty-seven-page questionnaire. VICAP will then alert the crime analyst to similar cases nationwide. During my interview with Dr. James R. Metts, Sheriff of Lexington County S.C., he informed me of the procedures involved in the Shari Faye Smith and Debra May Helmick case. He noted that the Behavioral Unit in the FBI was extremely helpful in solving this case by giving us a psychological profile of the perpetrator and adv ising us on how to handle the media throughout the case (Metts). Americas fascination with serial killers is reaching an all time high-and may be fueling their deadly deeds (Toufexis 64-65). Serial killings graphic details in incomprehensible madness almost seem fictional, but the statistics reveal an alarming rise in these murders. Ignoring this terrifying fact will not make it disappear, only increase. The thought It will not happen to me is no longer logical due to the constant elevation of serial killings. These callous and meticulous killers are without prejudice or motive, leaving everyone susceptible. .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0 , .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0 .postImageUrl , .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0 , .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0:hover , .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0:visited , .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0:active { border:0!important; } .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0:active , .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0 .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4e30a8b53e1c56952e667c6634bc37f0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sectionalism 1820-1860 Essay

Evaluation Plan For The National Health Insurance Program In Ghana

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation Plan For The National Health Insurance Program In Ghana. Answer: Introduction: The evaluation plan is the assessment of the work based on value and impact when the managers ask questions, take feedback, consult their partners. Then the managers collect the information for the improvement of the program. Such type of assessments clearly defines the evaluation term that what, why and how it is necessary for every program. Any action that is taken to improve the public health can be the part of the evaluation plan, for example, a public health of providing healthy breakfast to the grade school students to improve their nutrition, a training program to reduce the unemployment in urban areas. This report will develop an evaluation plan for the national health insurance program in Ghana. This NHIS scheme provides the maximum medical facilities to the Ghanas citizen by paying a small instalment of the annual premium. The NHIS covers the outpatient cost, hospitalization cost, laboratory test cost and the cost of the certain medicines also (Nsiah-Boateng, 2014). The pur pose of the NHIS program is to provide health care services to every citizen of Ghana that no one dies because of a medical problem that has not been allied due to financial problem. Evaluation plan There is a number of ways to evaluate the health care program but in this CDC framework of evaluating the program is used. The CDC framework guides to effectively evaluate the public health program and use of the evaluation finding for the decision making and programs improvement (Nsiah-Boateng, 2014). There are number of steps for evaluation of a public health program Step 1: Stakeholders engagement Step 2: Description of the program Step 3: focus on the design of evaluation Step 4: gathering the credible evidence Step 5: conclusion justification Step 6: assurance of using and sharing lessons learned from evaluation According to the CDC framework, there are four standards for the evaluation: utility, feasibility, accuracy, and propriety. Utility means serving information to the intended users Feasibility means be diplomatic, realistic, prudent and frugal Propriety means to behave ethically, legally and in the welfare of those who are affected and involved Accuracy means evaluation should be based on realistic and comprehensive data. Stakeholders engagement Purpose identification of the evaluation is of equal importance as identifying the end users of the program. These evaluation aspects serve as the foundation for the evaluation focus, planning, design, interpretation and results usage (Nsiah-Boateng, 2014). If the results of the evaluation will determine that either the program will continue or stopped, the stakeholders should aware of this. Table: 1 Stakeholders engagement Stakeholder Evaluation focus Purpose Person who are involved or affected planning, design, interpretation and results usage Improvement and decision making Program description The description of the program clears the purpose of the evaluation, development stages, activities, improvements and implementation process. The programs shared understanding that what the evaluation plan can deliver and cannot deliver is important for the implementation of the activities successfully. The program managers and the stakeholders should agree on the stages of the evaluation development, logical model, and the evaluation purpose (Alatinga Williams, 2015). Table: 2 Program descriptions Development stage Program Planning Implementation Maintenance Logic model Assessment of the environment, resources needed for the policy implementation Policy passed but not implemented What impact on the policy of health care unit Evaluation focus There should be potentially no limit on the information gathered regarding the program. Mostly, the evaluation criteria are restricted to the questions that are asked realistically and answered qualitatively. The depth and scope of the evaluation program depend on the priorities of the stakeholders and program managers; available resources that are the availability of contractor and staff and time period devoted to the evaluation (Brugiavini Pace, 2016). Gathering the credible evidence After focusing the evaluation and identification of the questions, now it is essential to find out the appropriate methods for the evaluation of the questions that have been selected. Sometimes the evaluation method is the favorite method of evaluator and evaluation planning tries fit into them. This will provide incomplete and incorrect information (Brugiavini Pace, 2016). Thus, for the effective evaluation method, there should be a focus on the purpose, logic model, development stages and what the evaluation can deliver and cannot deliver. Table: 3 Evaluation plan Questions of evaluation Performance indicators and measures Procedures Data source Responsibility Which is the lead for the implementation policy Description of the stages of development, activities and strategies Documentation, case studies, interviews and reviews Print reports and sites visits Evaluation team Conclusion justification For the justification of conclusion, in this step, there will be a proper analysis of the data and their interpretation. After the analysis and the interpretation, the evaluator draws the conclusion. The evaluator will make planning for the analysis and interpretation. This analysis planning helps the evaluator to know what the evaluation data really reveal about the program. After this, there will be a justification for the conclusion. Table: 4 Conclusion Evaluation findings Tools Evidence Responsibility Conclusion drawn Analysis and interogation Review and feedbacks, critical Evaluation team Assurance of using and sharing lessons learned from evaluation After drawing the conclusion that is the evaluation outcomes, should be used for the improvement of the program and decision making. These evaluation outcomes should be used properly for effective improvement and decision making. Table: 5 Evaluation findings Evaluation outcomes Target audience Equipment Dissemination Stakeholders News release, websites, print report and mass communication Utilization Policy Makers Monthly meeting and documentation Evaluation plan for public health program In the West Africa, Ghana is the developing country having a population about 25 million. Economically, it is a poor country but enriched with the proud history. The medical system of the Ghana mainly centred in the two cities Accra and Kumasi. Ghana required the medical facilities in the small town where most of the citizen lives. Twenty five years back, the rural hospitals were visited by the European physicians but this program did not succeed for the longer time. Now the health care system of the Ghana includes the government hospitals and the clinics, CHAG (Christian health association of the Ghana) clinics and hospitals and private hospitals. The government pays salaries to the doctors, nurses and other medical staffs of government and CHAG hospitals and for the other expenses, the CHAG hospitals and clinics depend on the patients charges. For the development, expansion and special projects, they depend on the non-governmental organizations and the foreign countries. The health ministry of the Ghana has introduced the NHIS program that is national health insurance system. NHIS pays for the hospitalization, laboratory tests, and outdoor patient visit and for some medication also. NHIS pays monthly bills to the hospitals for the NHIS provider patients. NHIS does not cover the thoracic, HIV medication, infertility conditions, neuro-plastic surgeries, transplant surgery and medication and among cancers, they only pay for the breast and cervical cancer. The insurance also does not cover the physician visit and long ongoing medication of the patient. In Ghana, a weekly dose of Amoxicillin cost about one dollar but for the hospitalized patient, ceftriaxone cost about six dollars a day because of the antibiotic resistance. In Ghana, GDP (Gross domestic product)/person is about 1602 dollars per year as compared to the 51,700 dollars in the US. Most of the families that do not have the insurance, they decided to quit the medicine in between because of the financial condition. The annual premium of NHIS program is 10 dollars, most of the poor sickest families are unable to sign in the program. Thats why the full implementation this program requires many years. For the evaluation plan, in this CDC framework of evaluation will be used. This evaluation plan includes six steps of the evaluation. Step1: In the first step, there will be the identification of the stakeholders and purpose because it has the same importance as the purpose identification of the evaluation plan. Stakeholders are mostly the consumers because they are involved and affected by the evaluation outcomes (Jabot, Turgeon Carbonnel, 2011). These evaluation aspects stakeholder identification and the purpose identification plays important role in deciding the focus, planning, interpretation, designing and results usage. As this report is dealing with the national health insurance program in Ghana. First, there will be the identification of the purpose and identification of the stakeholders. The purpose of the evaluation can be lower publicity of the program in spite of providing the maximum health coverage in the lowest annual premium (Sobelson Young, 2013). After identifying the purpose, there is need of the identification of stakeholders. In NHIS, the stakeholders may be citizens of the Ghana, policy makers or the staff. From these all stakeholders, the stakeholders that are much more affected by the evaluation outcomes should be identified and involved in the evaluation plan (Schaffer, Goodhue, Stennes Lanigan, 2012). Step2: In the second step of the evaluation plan, there will be a brief description of the program. The description of the program helps to understand the purpose of the program, their development stages, activities, healths improvement capacity and implementation contexts. A better understanding of the program, what the evaluation plan can deliver and cannot deliver helps in proper implementation of the evaluation outcomes and results. Both the stakeholders and program evaluators should agree on the logic model, description stages, and the evaluation purpose (Jabot, Turgeon Carbonnel, 2011). So, for the NHIS the stakeholders and evaluators should sit together and discuss the program and then the logic model and purpose of the evaluation. After discussion, if both are agreed then the next step should be proceeding otherwise there will be a revision of the logic model and purpose. Step3: In the third step, there will be a focus on the evaluation, there will be designed of the evaluation question based on the purpose of the evaluation. For the NHIS, the evaluation question will be based on the lowest usage of the valuable insurance. Depending upon the purpose, the evaluation team will design questions. Evaluation question may include the question on the health problem, facilities and insurance good points and bad points (Jabot, Turgeon Carbonnel, 2011). Step 4: In the fourth step, there will be the choice of the best suited method for the evaluation question. The evaluation method should focus on the purpose, logic model and the evaluation criteria. The evaluation method should be properly fitted to the evaluation questions. The best method for the evaluation of NHIS, to select the hospitals in the Ghana, visits the hospitals and do questioning from the patients (Sakeah et al., 2014). Step 5: In the fifth step, on the basis of the answer given to the evaluations questions, a conclusion will be drawn. This conclusion should be evidenced by the data collected. For the conclusion justification, evaluation team will deeply analyze and interpret the collected data (Sakeah et al., 2014) Step 6: In this step, from the conclusion of the data, the evaluation team will derive the evaluation outcomes that support decision making and improvement of the program. These evaluation findings should be disseminated to the stakeholders through the news media, press, website and emails server. After dissemination, there should be the successful utilization of the findings (Sobelson Young, 2013). Factors that influence the successful dissemination and utilization of the evaluation findings Successful Dissemination For the successful dissemination, the evaluation finding should be disclosed to all stakeholders; consumers, staff, management. These evaluations finding support the decision making for the improvement of the program (Sekyi, Aglobitse Asante, 2015). These individuals are ready and receptive for the evaluation finding as evaluation is based on the interest and priorities of these people. There are numbers of ways to disseminate the evaluation findings such as news release, detailed reports, press conferences, email based service, seminars and through social media. Researchers have found that the website, workshop media and print reports are more effective way to satisfy the stakeholders and promotion of dissemination. There should be dissemination plan for the NHIS that have objectives and goals. In NHIS, mass communication should be the best media for the dissemination (Sekyi, Aglobitse Asante, 2015). During dissemination, it should be clear that that will be affected by the evalua tion finding. This information got from the stakeholder analysis. In the NHIS, the main stakeholders that are affected are the insurance enroller. There should be easy access and availability of findings for the longer time that whenever the stakeholder has the time they can easily find and read evaluation findings (Sekyi, Aglobitse Asante, 2015). Utilization Once the evaluation finding has been distributed to the stakeholders, the next goal of the evaluator should be its usage in making improvement in the program. The policy makers and the most of the population think that the quality of the evaluation supports the decision making. More and more complicated evaluated plan, more complicated concluded and whole some more complicated conclusion and finding and even more complicated the decision making. There are numbers of ways by which the evaluators can increase the acceptance of the evaluation findings. From these one way is to have evidence based evaluation report (Gajate Garrido Ahiadeke, 2012). Discussion and feedback of the stakeholders are the best way of the dissemination that can improve both quality and chances of the utilization. In NHIS, the health ministry should do discussion and take feedback from the stakeholder for the evaluation finding for the improvement of quality and chances of the utilization. Conclusion This report has concluded that the evaluation plan supports the improvement of the program and decision making. The evaluation plan focuses on the identification of purpose and identification of the stakeholder that are involved and affected by the evaluation. The stakeholder and evaluation team collectively focus on the purpose, development stages, logic models and what the evaluation can deliver or cannot deliver (Gajate Garrido Ahiadeke, 2012). After this, the evaluation team designed the evaluation questions. There is a selection of an appropriate method for the evaluation question. After using the appropriate method, the data is collected based on the answers to these questions. This data is critically analysed and interpreted by the evaluation team. Then the evaluation team searches out the evaluation findings. But the work of the evaluation team did not stop at this point (Alatinga Williams, 2015). There should be proper dissemination and utilization of these findings. The d issemination of the evaluation finding is done to the stakeholders through the mass communication, news release, print reports, websites and email servers. After the dissemination, there will be effective utilization of the findings. The effective utilization can only be done if the evaluation findings are evidence based and easily to understandable. In the last, evaluation plan include the search of the evaluation findings and their effective dissemination and utilization (Alatinga Williams, 2015). References Alatinga, K., Williams, J. (2015). Community Perceptions on the Provision of Quality Health Care in Ghana: The Case of Kassena- Nankana Mutual Health Insurance Scheme.Ghana Journal Of Development Studies,11(2), 83. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjds.v11i2.6 Brugiavini, A., Pace, N. (2016). Extending health insurance in Ghana: effects of the National Health Insurance Scheme on maternity care.Health Economics Review,6(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0083-9 Gajate Garrido, G., Ahiadeke, C. (2012). The Effect of Parents' Insurance Enrollment on Health Care Utilization: Evidence from Ghana.SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2158824 Jabot, F., Turgeon, J., Carbonnel, L. (2011). The evaluation of the PACA regional public health plan: Reconciling the managerial, scientific and democratic finalities.Evaluation And Program Planning,34(3), 196-205. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2011.02.011 Nsiah-Boateng, E. (2014). Claims Reimbursement Analysis of the National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana.Value In Health,17(7), A432. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1101 Sakeah, E., Doctor, H., McCloskey, L., Bernstein, J., Yeboah-Antwi, K., Mills, S. (2014). Using the community-based health planning and services program to promote skilled delivery in rural Ghana: socio-demographic factors that influence women utilization of skilled attendants at birth in Northern Ghana.BMC Public Health,14(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-344 Schaffer, M., Goodhue, A., Stennes, K., Lanigan, C. (2012). Evaluation of a Public Health Nurse Visiting Program for Pregnant and Parenting Teens.Public Health Nursing,29(3), 218-231. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2011.01005.x Sekyi, S., Aglobitse, P., Addai-Asante, J. (2015). Enrolment on Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana: Evidence from Mfantseman Municipality.Ghana Journal Of Development Studies,12(1-2), 53. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjds.v12i1-2.4 Sobelson, R., Young, A. (2013). Evaluation of a federally funded workforce development program: The Centers for Public Health Preparedness.Evaluation And Program Planning,37, 50-57. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2013.01.001

Criteria For Heroes Essays - Greek Mythology, Mythology, Literature

Criteria for Heroes The ancient Greeks had strict criteria for individuals to follow if they were to be seen as heroes. Above all, a man needed to be a skilled warrior, but this was not the only requirement. To be a hero, a warrior had to respect authority, both governmental and religious. The Greeks gave heroes no room for pride. These men were to be modest, not only giving credit to their culture and the gods for any great deeds they had done, but also accepting everything that happened as Fate, not scenarios they had created for themselves. In other words, they did not make themselves what they were; rather, they had been predestined to become it. The final requirement of being a hero was coolness. Heroes were not permitted to be blinded by rage or have mood swings. In The Iliad, two Greeks are presented to the reader as heroes. They are Achilles and Diomedes. Although they are both good contenders for the title of hero, Diomedes is by far the better of the two. Diomedes is one of the finest and brav est of the Greek warriors. He is respectful to all authority figures and has little or no pride. Always wise and reasonable, he may be the vision of the perfect nobleman. Both Achilles and Diomedes easily meet the first requirement, that a hero must have skill on the battlefield. Throughout The Iliad, Homer tells of their incredible (though usually god-aided) feats during the many battles of the Trojan War. Perhaps the greatest example of Achilles? fighting skill is when he fights with and kills Hector, the greatest of the Trojan warriors (260-261). However, this fight may have never happened if Athena had not disguised herself as one of Hector?s brothers and convinced him to fight (260). That was not enough though, as Athena then helped Achilles win the fight (260-261). This seems to be the case with all of Achilles? battles. A god, goddess, or gods help him in battle by strengthening and encouraging him and his men, or they rally a Trojan army into entering a futile final battle. Diomedes is also guilty of receiving help from the gods. After praying for Athena?s aid, Diomedes proceeds to not only slay Pandaros (who wounded him earlier) and many othe r Trojans, but also wound Aeneas in his hip and his mother Aphrodite in her hand (60-64). Later on in the same battle, Diomedes thrusts his spear through the belly of Ares, also done with the help of Athena (73). Another example of Diomedes skill comes when he and Odysseus spy on the Trojan camp. Diomedes goes ahead of Odysseus and strikes down so many Trojans that ?the ground was reddened with blood? (124). Even before this, Diomedes prayed again to Athena for help. It seems no Greek warrior could fight their own battles; instead, they requested help from the gods. This fact makes it difficult to discern the better fighter between Achilles and Diomedes, but the common choice would probably be Achilles because of his legendary status and he was the son of an immortal. Achilles fails miserably at respecting anyone in authority, whether governmental or religious. He not only disrespects King Agamemnon?s authority, but also the goddess Athena herself. This lack of respect begins when Achilles calls an assembly of the Greeks, something only Agamemnon was able to do (12). He then proceeds to insult the king, telling him he is greedy, shameless, a cheater, and a drunk (14-15). To top it off, Achilles contemplates drawing his sword to strike down Agamemnon, and is only stopped by Athena grabbing his hair (14-15). (Needless to say, killing the leader of your nation would be the ultimate act of disrespect to the government.) Although he does so badly with respect for government authority, Achilles has no problem respecting human religious authority, only because he has no encounters with priests, prophets, and etceteras. However, he does show some disrespect to Athena for stopping his murder of King Agamemnon. Instead of following the goddess? orders whole -heartedly, he does it quite reluctantly and talks back in the process (15). Diomedes is the opposite of Achilles in the area of respect and demonstrates a great

Global Marketing Communication Decisions Essays

Global Marketing Communication Decisions Essays Global Marketing Communication Decisions Essay Global Marketing Communication Decisions Essay Sales promotion is any paid, short-term communication program that adds tangible value to a product or brand. Consumer sales promotions are targeted at ultimate consumers; trade sales promotions are used in business-to-business marketing. Sampling gives prospective customers a chance to try a product or service at no cost. A coupon is a certificate that entitles the bearer to a price reduction or other value-enhancing consideration when purchasing a product or service. Personal selling is face-to-face communication between a prospective buyer and a company representative. The Strategic/Consultative Selling Model that is widely used in the United States is also being utilized worldwide. The models five strategic steps call for developing a personal selling philosophy, a relationship strategy, a product strategy, a customer strategy, and a presentation strategy. The six steps in the presentation plan are: approach; presentation; demonstration; negotiation; close; and servicing the sale. Successful global selling may require adaptation of one or more steps in the presentation plan. An additional consideration in global selling is the composition of the sales force, which may include expatriates, host country natives, or sales agents. Several others forms of communication can be used in global marketing. These include direct marketing, a measurable system that uses one or more media to start or complete a sale. One-to-one marketing is an updated approach to direct marketing that calls for treating each customer in a distinct way based on his or her previous purchase history or past interactions with the company. : Direct mail, catalogs, infomercials, and teleshopping are some of the direct marketing tools that have been successfully used on a global basis. Global marketers frequently try to place their products in blockbuster movies that will reach global audiences. Sponsorships and product placement are also becoming vital communication tools that can be used on a global basis. OVERVIEW In 2005, China’s Lenovo Group acquired IBM’s personal computer business for $1. 25 billion. The acquisition vaulted China’s top computer company into third place among the world’s PC marketers, behind Dell and Hewlett-Packard. The crown jewel in the acquisition was the popular ThinkPad, a laptop that features an exceptionally well-designed keyboard. Chief executive Amelio and his marketing team decided to use the Olympics as a vehicle for building awareness about the corporate name and its products. Lenovo paid more than $60 million to become China’s first Olympic sponsor. Lenovo is also the computer provider for the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. Sales promotion, direct marketing, and specialized forms of marketing communication such as infomercials and the Internet are also growing in importance. Of course, personal selling remains an important promotional tool as well. Taken together, the marketing mix elements discussed in this chapter and Chapter 13 can be used to create highly effective integrated promotional campaigns that support global brands. SALES PROMOTION What is sales promotion? Sales promotion refers to any paid consumer or trade communication program of limited duration that adds tangible value to a product or brand. In a price promotion, tangible value may take the form of a price reduction, coupon, or mail-in refund. Nonprice promotions may take the form of free samples, premiums, buy one, get one free offers, sweepstakes, and contests. Consumer sales promotions may be designed to make consumers aware of a new product, to stimulate nonusers to sample an existing product, or to increase overall consumer demand. Trade sales promotions are designed to increase product availability in distribution channels. At many companies, expenditures for sales promotion activities have surpassed expenditures for media advertising. What are some of the advantages of using sales promotions? The increasing popularity of sales promotion as a marketing communication tool can be explained in terms of several strengths and advantages: Sales promotions provide a tangible incentive to buyers. Sales promotions reduce the perceived risk buyers may associate with purchasing. Sales promotion provides accountability; the manager in charge of the promotion can immediately track the results of the promotion. As with other aspects of marketing communication, a key issue is whether promotion efforts should be directed by headquarters or left to local country managers. Four factors have been identified that contribute to more headquarters involvement in the sales promotion effort: cost, complexity, global branding, and transnational trade: 1. As sales promotions command ever-larger budget allocations, headquarters naturally takes a greater interest. 2. The formulation, implementation, and follow-up of a promotion program may require skills that local managers lack. 3. The increasing importance of global brands justifies headquarters involvement to maintain consistency from country to country and ensure that successful local promotion programs are leveraged in other markets. 4. As mergers and acquisitions lead to increased concentration in the retail industry and as the industry globalizes, retailers will seek coordinated promotional programs from their suppliers. Local managers in the market know the specific local situation. A number of factors must be taken into account when determining the extent to which the promotion must be localized: In countries with low levels of economic development, low incomes limit the range of promotional tools available. Market maturity can be different from country to country. Local perceptions of a particular promotional tool or program can vary. Local regulations may rule out use of a particular promotion in certain countries. Trade structure in the retailing industry can affect the use of sales promotions. Sampling Sampling is a sales promotion technique that provides potential customers with the opportunity to try a product or service at no cost. Disadvantages associated with sampling: cost of sampling and difficulti es in assessing the contribution a sampling program makes. Many companies utilize event marketing and sponsorships to distribute samples at concerts, sports events, or special events. Compared with other forms of marketing communication, sampling is more likely to result in actual trial of the product. Couponing A coupon is a printed certificate that entitles the bearer to a price reduction or some other special consideration for purchasing a particular product or service. Nearly 90 percent of all coupons are distributed in a printed ride-along vehicle known as a free-standing insert (FSI). Sunday papers carry the vast majority of FSIs. On-pack coupons are attached to, or part of, the product package; they can frequently be redeemed immediately at check out. In-pack coupons are placed inside the package. Cross coupons are distributed with one product but redeemable for a different product. For example, a toothpaste coupon might be distributed with a toothbrush. Sales Promotion: Issues and Problems In the case of coupons, retailers must bundle the redeemed coupons together and ship them to a processing point. Many times, coupons are not validated at the point of purchase; fraudulent redemption costs marketers hundreds of millions of dollars each year. In some emerging markets, sales promotion efforts can raise eyebrows if companies appear to be exploiting regulatory loopholes and lack of consumer esistance to intrusion. Sales promotion in Europe is highly regulated. PERSONAL SELLING Personal selling is person-to-person communication between a company representative and a prospective buyer. The sellers communication effort is focused on informing and persuading the prospect, with the short-term goal of making a sale and with a longer-term goal of building a relationship with that buyer . Because selling provides a two-way communication channel, it is especially important in marketing industrial products that may be expensive and technologically complex. It is difficult to overstate the importance of a face-to-face, personal selling effort for industrial products in global markets. Personal selling is a popular marketing communication tool in countries with various restrictions on advertising. Personal selling is used frequently in countries where low wage rates allow large local sales forces to be hired. The challenge to companies that wish to pursue low-cost personal selling overseas is to establish and maintain acceptable quality among members of the sales team. The old saying, You get what you pay for has come to haunt more than one company that has undertaken global expansion. The issue is whether the country team should consist of in-country nationals or expatriates (also known as expats); that is, employees who are sent from their home countries to work abroad. Environmental issues and challenges that may have an impact include: Political risks. Unstable or corrupt governments can completely change the rules for the sales team. Regulatory hurdles. Governments sometimes set up quota systems or impose tariffs that affect entering foreign sales forces. Currency fluctuations. There have been many instances where a companys sales effort has been derailed not by ineffectiveness or lack of market opportunity, but by fluctuating currency values. Market unknowns. When a company enters a new region of the world, its selling strategy may unravel because of a lack of knowledge of market conditions, the accepted way of doing business, or the posit ioning of its in-country competitors. The Strategic/Consultative Selling Model First, a sales representative must develop a personal selling philosophy. This requires a commitment to the marketing concept and a willingness to adopt the role of problem solver or partner in helping customers. The second step is to develop a relationship strategy, which is a game plan for establishing and maintaining high-quality relationships with prospects and customers. This step connects sales personnel directly to the concept of relationship marketing, an approach that stresses the importance of developing long-term partnerships with customers. The third step is the development of a product strategy. This results in a plan that can assist the sales representative in selecting and positioning products that will satisfy customer needs. Next is the customer strategy, a plan that ensures that the sales professional will be maximally responsive to customer needs. The customer strategy step also includes building a prospect base, consisting of current customers as well as potential customers (or leads). A qualified lead is someone whose probability of wanting to buy the product is high. The final step, the actual face-to-face selling situation, requires a presentation strategy. The presentation plan that is at the heart of the presentation strategy is divided into six stages: approach, presentation, demonstration, negotiation, closing, and servicing the sale. Below are the six stages: The first step, approach, is the sales representatives initial contact with the customer or prospect. In the presentation step, the prospects needs are assessed and matched to the companys products. Next is the sales demonstration, during which the salesperson has the opportunity to tailor the communication effort to the customer and alternately tell and show how the product can meet the customers needs. During the presentation, the prospect may express concerns or objections about the product itself, the price, or some other aspect of the sale. Dealing with objections in an international setting is a learned art. A common theme in sales training is the concept of active listening; in global sales, verbal and nonverbal communication barriers of the type discussed in Chapter 4 present special challenges. Negotiation is required to ensure that both the customer and the salesperson come away from the presentation as winners. Having completed the negotiation step, the sales representative is able to move on to the close and thus asks for the order. The final step is the servicing the sale. A successful sale does not end when the order is written. Sales Force Nationality The composition of the sales force in terms of nationality includes expatriate salespersons, host country nationals, or third- sales personnel. The staffing decision is contingent on several factors, including managements orientation, the technological sophistication of the product, and the stage of economic development exhibited by the target country. A company with an ethnocentric orientation prefers expatriates and adopts a standardized approach. (See Table 14-3) [pic] Polycentric companies selling in developed countries use expatriates for hi-tech products; a host-country sales force is used for low-tech products. In less developed countries, host-country nationals should be used for hi- products and local agents for low-tech products. Wide diversity of sales force nationality is found in regiocentric companies. Except for high-tech products in developed countries, third-country nationals are used in all situations. There are advantages and disadvantages of each nationality type: Advantages: Expatriates possess a high level of product knowledge, a demonstrated commitment to service standards, training for promotion, and greater headquarters control. Disadvantages: Expatriates are very expensive, turnover is high, language and cross-cultural training are costly. An alternative is to build a sales force with host-country personnel: Advantages: economical, superior market knowledge, language skills, and superior knowledge of local culture, and implementation is quicker. Disadvantages: needs product training, may be held in low esteem, language skills may not be important, and it is difficult to ensure loyalty. A third option is to hire third country nationals. Advantages: cultural sensitivity, language skills, economical, allows regional sales coverage. Disadvantages: identity problems, blocked for promotions, income gaps, needs product and/or company training, loyalty not assured. Companies a ttempt to establish a hybrid sales force comprised of a balanced mix of expatriates and in-country nationals. The operative word is balanced, as there remains the potential for conflict between the two groups. This is the most expensive proposition since relocation of expats and extensive training of in-country nationals is required. But short term costs are deemed necessary to do business and conduct personal selling overseas. A fourth option is to use sales agents who work under contract. It makes sense to set up one or more agents to gain entry to a selected country or region. In a remote area where there is a lack of revenue, agents are retained on a permanent level (e. g. U. S. , Asian and European companies with an Africa- sales presence use agents). Agents are much less expensive than full-time employees and understand the market. If success is achieved, agents can be replaced by employee-based teams; if the market is not financially viable, it is less costly to withdraw from an agent-oriented territory. The challenge of control is greater since agents have other sources of income. A company that employs sales agents has to determine what to provide in terms of product and strategic training because a competitor may lure agents away. Companies need a monitoring system within agent territories. Other international personal selling approaches: Exclusive license arrangements: a firm pays commissions to an in-country company’s sales force to conduct personal selling. Management-only agreements: a corporation manages a foreign sales force in a mode similar to franchising. Joint ventures: Since many countries place restrictions on foreign ownership, partnerships allow a company to obtain a personal sales capability and a customer base. SPECIAL FORMS OF MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS: DIRECT MARKETING, SUPPORT MEDIA, EVENT SPONSORSHIP, AND PRODUCT PLACEMENT Direct marketing is any communication with a consumer or business recipient that is designed to generate a response in the form of an order, a request for further information, and/or a visit to a store or other place of business. Companies use direct mail, telemarketing, television, print, and other media to generate responses and build databases filled with purchase histories and other information about customers. By contrast, mass marketing communications are typically aimed at broad segments of consumers. One-to-one marketing calls for treating different customers differently based on their previous purchase history or past interactions with the company. Define the four steps in one-to-one marketing. Peppers and Rogers describe the four steps in one-to-one marketing as follows: 1. Identify customers and accumulate detailed information about them. 2. Differentiate customers and rank them in terms of their value to the company. 3. Interact with customers to develop more cost efficient forms of interaction 4. Customize the product or service offered to the customer. Rainer Hengst of Deutsche Post offers the following guidelines for U. S. -based direct marketers that wish to go global: The world is full of people who are not Americans. Treat them differently. Like politics, all marketing is local. Although there may be a EU, but there is no such thing as a European. Pick your target, focus on one country, and do your homework. Customers need to be able to return products locally. Direct Mail Direct mail uses the postal service as a vehicle for delivering a personally addressed offer to a prospect targeted by the marketer. Direct mail is popular with banks, insurance companies, and other financial services providers. The United States is home to a well-developed mailing list industry. The availability of good lists and the sheer size of the market are important factors in explaining why Americans receive more direct mail than anyone else. Compared with the United States, list availability in Europe and Japan is much more limited. Catalogs A catalog is a magazine-style publication that features photographs, illustrations, and extensive information about a company’s products. Catalogs have a long and illustrious history as a direct marketing tool in both Europe and the United States. U. S. -based catalog marketers include JC Penney, Lands End, L. L. Bean, The Sharper Image, and Victorias Secret. Historically, catalogers in the United States benefited from the ability to ship goods from one coast to the other, crossing multiple state boundaries with relatively few regulatory hurdles. Prior to the advent of the single market, catalog sales in Europe were hindered by the fact that mail order products passing through customs at national borders were subject to value-added taxes (VAT). Today, the single market means that mail order goods can move freely throughout the EU without incurring VAT charges. Since January 1993, VAT exemptions have been extended to goods bound to the European Free Trade Area countries (Norway, Iceland, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein). In Japan, the domestic catalog industry is well developed. Infomercials, Teleshopping, and Interactive Television An infomercial is a form of paid television programming in which a particular product is demonstrated, explained, and offered for sale to viewers who call a toll-free number shown on the screen. With teleshopping, home-shopping channels such as QVC and the Home Shopping Network (HSN) take the infomercial concept one step further; the round-the-clock programming is exclusively dedicated to product demonstration and selling. Industry observers expect the popularity of home shopping will increase during the next few years as interactive television (ITV or t-commerce) technology is introduced into more households. ITV allows television viewers to interact with the programming content that they are viewing. Support Media Support media include transit and billboard advertising. In most parts of the world, outdoor advertising is growing at a faster rate than the overall advertising market. As countries add mass transportation systems and build and improve their highway infrastructures, advertisers are utilizing more indoor and outdoor posters and billboards to reach the buying public. Sponsorship Sponsorship is an increasingly popular form of marketing communications whereby a company pays a fee to have its name associated with a particular event, team or athletic association, or sports facility. Sponsorship combines elements of public relations and sales promotion. Sponsorship can be used in countries where regulations limit the extent to which a company can use advertising or other forms of marketing communication. Product Placement: Motion Pictures, Television Shows, and Public Figures Why has product placement become such a big deal in motion pictures and television shows? Product placement is the arranging for a company’s products and brand names to appear in popular television programs, movies, and other types of performances. Marketers can also lend or donate products to celebrities or other public figures; the products get publicity when the celebrity appears in public using the product. For the premiere of Superman Returns in 2006, Atkinson arranged for 35 Audis to chauffer Kevin Spacey and other stars to the event. In the case of television placement, the blurring of advertising and programming content comes as companies increasingly question the effectiveness of traditional advertising. Sometimes called branded entertainment, the effective integration of products and brands with entertainment can be seen on the monster TV hit â€Å"American Idol. †

NHS Health Provision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

NHS Health Provision - Essay Example The health service was an important aspect, so it had to exist, with reasons for its existence ranging from: Financial constrains for the hospitals which were volunteering; The 2nd world war which ensured an emergency medical service was ensured as part of the war effort; Emergence of the view that every human being had the right to health care, and it should not be something given to people charity thought they needed; The wide spread effect of war that saw it possible that the system was changed rather than modified; Mutual agreement that services that existed were in disarray, and something had to be done to sort it; and Young members who practiced medicine saw a better way of handling things hence its existence (NHS core principles, 2005). One of the major health care provisions in the national hospital service was the development of a network that would handle unplanned and emergency care services. This was an inter-organisation development criterion which was effective as a too l that would support the required changes in interrelated services. These were intensive care networks, emergency care networks and surgical service networks. The subtopic on emergency care networks is solely based on the fact that it is used by the public as a port of call which is safe for most, if not all of their problems. This is especially so if the other agencies are shut (Enthoven, 2000). Over the years as a result, services have been built in this department and also their knowledge in distinct areas such as minor injuries which accounts for 2/3 of the workload, trauma services which estimates to approximately 2% of the work in most of the departments and major injuries which accounts for work in balance. Such specialist services needed competent individuals around in a sort of shift patterns and a rota. Surgical services are becoming highly specialised, and some anaesthetists’ and surgeons’ ability to be flexible in that they can cross-over in general areas i s becoming a challenge. This in turn, creates pressure in mid-sized and smaller general district hospitals, in that their staff is small and cannot meet the new shifts and rota layered down by the existing rules. This pressure is due to concentration of staff members in areas of excellence such as cardiology, neurosurgery, cancer, urology, paediatrics and ophthalmology; increase in the percentage of daily case surgery which includes the transfer of some cases out of private sectors in east London (public policy reforms and the National Health Service strategic development agenda) (Oakley 2009, p. 13-15). The National Health Service was created out of thought that healthcare services to a person should be available regardless of wealth. This was based on these three core principles: It should not be based on a person’s ability to pay but on essential clinical needs, It should meet the needs of each and every one, At the point of delivery it should be free, The three principles have seen that the development of the national hospital service is guided for over sixty years and remaining at its pillar core. The department of health in March 2011 published the National Hospital Service. In its content were the guiding principle of the NHS and the publics’ right as an NHS patient. These rights did a wide coverage of the quality of care a NHS patient receives, an NHS patient right, confidentiality, programmes and treatments available to the patient and the patient’